Free Essays on Three Strikes Law

The Three Strikes Law is Lost in a Dessert The ‘three strikes’ law has demonstrated to be insufficient. It requires a gigantic measure of cash to keep it in actuality, while it generally strikes peaceful lawbreakers and causes early arrival of no-nonsense crooks. Subsequently, the law is incapable with regards to controlling the paces of genuine lawbreakers or diminishing the ascent of viciousness. The ‘three strikes’ law all the more regularly gathers for a minor crime. Individuals go to jail for considerably less. Frequently there is no fierce wrongdoing at all and they are struck out. The measurements have indicated that the greater part of the ‘three strikes’ guilty parties are peaceful lawbreakers that have been taken for just robbery and medication or tobacco use. Placing them in prison forever takes space for genuine guilty parties. With restricted jail space, numerous brutal criminals who have just been indicted on more than one occasion are being let out to prepare for some peaceful three strikers. Letting out progressively genuine and brutal guilty parties for peaceful wrongdoers expands the expense to society, since they are bound to submit more fierce and genuine lawful offenses than the peaceful three strikers. Along these lines, the law is unseemly by inciting a flood of detainees to a previously flooding jail framework and an excruciatin g money related weight. The ‘three strikes’ law requires millions from taxpayers’ cash to keep it as a result. A great many dollars are spend to mind and house detainees. â€Å"Each detainee carrying out a 25-to-life punishment cost the state about $500,000 over their lifetime. The yearly expense of lodging 29,000 peaceful second-or third-strikers is $632 million.† ( Los Angeles Times ). While, 33% of the detainees stuck into jail are the individuals who are condemning second-or third strike. People in general isn't generally as worried about minor lawful offenses or even private thefts all things considered about genuinely rough wrongdoings. It wouldn't like to pay for keeping peaceful hoodlums ... Free Essays on Three Strikes Law Free Essays on Three Strikes Law The Three Strikes Law is Lost in a Dessert The ‘three strikes’ law has demonstrated to be deficient. It requires an enormous measure of cash to keep it in actuality, while it for the most part strikes peaceful hoodlums and causes early arrival of in-your-face crooks. In this way, the law is inadequate with regards to controlling the paces of genuine hoodlums or diminishing the ascent of viciousness. The ‘three strikes’ law all the more frequently gathers for a minor crime. Individuals go to jail for significantly less. Regularly there is no rough wrongdoing at all and they are struck out. The insights have indicated that the greater part of the ‘three strikes’ guilty parties are peaceful hoodlums that have been taken for just robbery and medication or tobacco use. Placing them in prison forever takes space for genuine guilty parties. With restricted jail space, numerous vicious criminals who have just been indicted on more than one occasion are being let out to prepare for some peaceful three strikers. Letting out progressively genuine and brutal guilty parties for peaceful wrongdoers builds the expense to society, since they are bound to submit more vicious and genuine lawful offenses than the peaceful three strikers. Therefore, the law is improper by causing an inundation of detainees to a previously flooding jail framework and an intolerable monetary weight. The ‘three strikes’ law requires millions from taxpayers’ cash to keep it as a result. A large number of dollars are spend to mind and house detainees. â€Å"Each detainee carrying out a 25-to-life punishment cost the state about $500,000 over their lifetime. The yearly expense of lodging 29,000 peaceful second-or third-strikers is $632 million.† ( Los Angeles Times ). While, 33% of the detainees stuck into jail are the individuals who are condemning second-or third strike. General society isn't generally as worried about minor lawful offenses or even private thefts all things considered about genuinely rough wrongdoings. It wouldn't like to pay for keeping peaceful crooks ...

The Price by Arthur Miller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Price by Arthur Miller - Essay Example Miller’s The Price is one of the most engaging and drawing in plays adjusted since 1968. In spite of the fact that it was one of Miller’s lesser-known works, it is qualified to have a space in focal point of the audience. The play manages the family’s old injuries and showdowns of results of choices made previously. It additionally portrayed how individuals place fault on others when their lives turn off the course. Garry Hynes’ course of The Price didn't go amiss from the first content composed by Miller. Her decision of very much prepared entertainers for the characters is all around acclaimed. Her cast incorporates Sam Robards, John Bedford Lloyd, Kate Burton and Alan Mandell. Sam Robards played the character of Victor Franz who grew up with jealousy and enmity towards his sibling Walter. He had the option to depict Victor’s character quite well. His activities were very much determined and with great vitality to such an extent that in the part where he hit a block divider that he worked without anyone else. He assaulted the character of Victor with disdain in a way that the crowd can truly observe and feel. He conveyed the night and turned into the core of The Price. John Bedford Lloyd played the character of an effective, well off specialist and sibling of Victor, Walter Franz. He was extremely baffling in character with the end goal that the crowd can't plainly call attention to it if his expectations were magnanimous or manipulative. He ensured he does rashly uncover the confusions of Walter’s character. He had the option to draw out the character in timing properly. Kate Burton, who played Victor’s spouse Esther, moved the character to and fro from being a mindful wife and a stooping drinking wife who needs to leave Victor. She was continually pushing his better half to succeed and quit humiliating her. Alan Mandell immaculately depicted the adorable character of an eighty-nine-year-old appraiser of collectible and furniture named Gregory Solomon.â

College Essay Comparisons - Compare and Contrast Essay Samples For College English

College Essay Comparisons - Compare and Contrast Essay Samples For College EnglishStudents have many different reasons for wanting to compare and contrast essay samples for college English. A common reason is that they have already done the writing process for their first college English composition and now want to write a second one. A different reason is that students want to make sure that they can write essays effectively when they begin college.The primary difference between college writing and high school writing is that writing assignments are available for high school students, but not college students. College students are assigned essays based on a short list of essays that are available for them. The student who desires to compare and contrast essay samples for college English has the task of compiling his or her choices. The final choice of one essay over another must be made in order to give the highest quality essay possible.There are a wide variety of resources availab le to the student that will allow the student to comparison and contrast essay samples for college English. The student will need to select one of the websites that provide these essays, and then locate the essay that he or she would like to compare and contrast. The selection of the essay to compare and contrast will depend on what the student wants to accomplish with the essay.The student should also consider the type of essay that is being written. Some examples of essays that may be compared and contrasted include Personal Essays, Research Essays, Contests, and Assignments. A student may choose a variety of essays, such as a Personal Essay, Research Essay, Contests, and Assignments, according to what the student wants to accomplish.A student must be careful in the selection of these essays, because the main reason for writing the essay is to demonstrate proficiency in the English language. The student should use the essay as a means of being able to convey his or her thoughts in an interesting way. Thus, the essay that the student chooses should be written in a manner that will attract attention.A student who is comparing and contrasting essay samples for college English needs to research the opinions of others regarding the essay that he or she is writing. This research can take a student several hours and can help the student determine what other people are thinking about the essay that he or she is writing. The student will need to read through the entire essay, and determine whether or not he or she agrees with the majority of the opinion that others have written.Students should not rely on personal opinion alone. They should also look at facts and figures, and should write an essay that is logically coherent. In order to determine what others think about the essay, the student should compare and contrast essay samples for college English in order to see the differences between the two different essays.The more time a student spends analyzing the essay , the better the essay will be. The essay is an expression of a student's thoughts and emotions, and therefore it will be a reflection of the student's personality. A student should study the opinions of others and should analyze the essay that he or she has chosen in order to write a first-rate essay.

What Should We Know About AIDS - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2420 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: AIDS (HIV) Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been around in America since the 1970s. Since then, the effect of this disease on funeral service has been a part of many precautions that have been put into place. HIV and AIDS is a highly infectious disease that can be transmitted via bodily fluids and blood. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Should We Know About AIDS" essay for you Create order While the main way this disease is spread is through sexual contact and sharing of needles, as an embalmer we come into contact with the body fluids, so we are therefore at a higher risk of infection. There are ways for people to get tested and treated for this disease but there is no cure. While there is treatment this does not mean the person can no longer pass on the infection, so as the embalmer this is an example of why we have universal precautions and special additional methods to ensure our safety and the preservation of the descendant infected with this disease.   HIV/AIDS and its Effects on Funeral Service HIV/AIDS arose in the United States around the 1970s. In this paper the origin, symptoms, treatment, diagnoses will be discussed. Most importantly the implications this disease has on the embalmer will be discussed. Since HIV/AIDS is an infectious disease spread by contact of bodily fluids this causes concern for professionals in our field. Its important to be knowledgeable about different diseases so that you as the embalmer can take the precautions needed. While this paper gives lots of useful information, its important to always remember the number one rule of always practicing universal precautions from first removal until disposition and even in the preparatory room afterwards. Scientific Name of the Disease HIV stands for Human immunodeficiency virus and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2.   The pathogen HIV causes the disease AIDS. AIDS stands for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This type of immunological disease is caused by a retrovirus. A virus comes in many different types but the main similarity is that they infect a host cell inside the body and use it to continuously reproduce more infected cells. A retrovirus is a special type of virus because unlike most viruses it does not contain DNA wrapped in a protein but instead RNA. The cells that this virus targets are the T cells in the immune system; the virus mutates the T cells and then continues to reproduce this mutated cell. This slight difference with the retrovirus is that it allows the virus to reproduce these mutated cells quickly and they become more resistant to treatments (Mullins, 2006). Origin of HIV/AIDS The CDC website has an article about the origin of the virus. Its thought that HIV started in African from a Chimpanzee, this Chimpanzee was infected with a different type of the virus called, simian immunodeficiency virus. Through a mutation its believed that the virus became communicable to humans. Once our human population in Africa became infected it wasnt long before we started to see it in other parts of the world. The virus is believed to have appeared in Africa in the 1800s and was first diagnosed in America about the 1970s (HIV/AIDS, n.d.). Symptoms of HIV/AIDS Due to the progression of HIV to AIDS and the many other opportunistic pathogens associated with this virus there can be many different symptoms that may appear in people diagnosed with HIV or AIDS. There are three stages of the disease as it progresses from HIV to AIDS. Stage 1, acute HIV infection, symptoms typically appear 2 to 4 weeks after the initial infection of the virus. As the body naturally reacts to the virus infection, flu like symptoms may appear. These symptoms do not always appear in every case. This can be dangerous because during this first stage of the disease the infected person is very contagious, so if you are a person that does show these symptoms you may not know that anything is wrong for a while. In addition to the symptoms not appearing, tests may show up with a false negative, even though you can still have and spread the virus. Stage 2 is called the clinical latency (inactivity/dormancy) stage. Again this stage does not always present symptoms, especially if the person is actively being treated. Even though the virus is dormant the person may still be able to spread the virus to others. If a person is actively being treated they may stay in this stage for many years. The treatment keeps the HIV in the blood low so that the immune system is not as badly affected. Its once the HIV has progressed to a point where the immune system is very low that it can no longer fight off infections that the disease progresses to AIDS. The symptoms specifically associated with AIDS include: chills, fever, sweats, swollen lymph glands, weakness and weight loss. This is in addition to the low T Cell count (HIV/AIDS, n.d.). Its at this point where people start to acquire the opportunistic pathogens because the bodys immune system cannot control fighting them off any more. This means that the symptoms associated become much worse as well as a result of the other diseases the person may now have. Treatments for HIV/AIDS While there is no cure for the disease there is fairly successful treatment available. The treatment used and recommended today by the CDC is antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART is a combination of drugs taken by HIV patients. What this drug does is it lowers the amount of the HIV virus in the blood. Lowering the amount of the virus allows people to live longer lives even with the disease (HIV/AIDS, n.d.). The main side effects of the ART medication shouldnt cause serve differences in the body in regards to post mortem effect. Post Mortem Effects of HIV/AIDS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The post mortem effect of this disease really varies from case to case. With proper treatment patients affected are able to live for a long time with minimal problems. In this case, the living and post mortem effects may be unnoticeable. Other patients may have progressed further in the disease making them more susceptible to opportunistic pathogens due to their low immune system.   Mentioned later is all of the other diseases are associated with HIV/AIDS. Diagnoses and Testing for HIV/AIDS To find out if you are infected with HIV finding a testing center or purchasing an at home testing kit from your pharmacy is the first place to start. Since symptoms are not always present when first contracted, its important if you are sexually active or in a medical health professions to get regularly tested at your local doctors office. There are three different types of tests available they are: nucleic acid test (NAT), antigen/antibody tests, and antibody tests. The NAT test looks for the virus in the blood and the antigen/antibody tests look for HIV antigens and antibodies that the body would be naturally producing if infected with HIV (HIV/AIDS, n.d.). Tests either use blood or saliva and there are tests that can be done at a medical facility or at home. It is always recommended and in your best interest to follow up with your medical doctor. Transmission of HIV/AIDS HIV is considered to be an STI, a sexually transmitted disease, meaning it can be spread through sexual contact. The virus can enter at the vaginal opening, penis, rectum or orally. Sexual contact is not the only way that the virus can spread, any contact with infected blood; this can be through physical contact of wounds, blood transfusions and most commonly in drug users. HIV can also be spread from mother to child during birth or from breast milk, but this is less common (Mullins, 2006). Drug use is one of the most common ways that the virus is spread; this is from using contaminated needles that are shared. This is important for embalmers to note because in the event of a needle-stick injury the virus can be spread very easily. Opportunistic Pathogens associated with HIV/AIDS Patients that are diagnosed with AIDS are susceptible to opportunistic infections due to the diseases effect on the immune system. Having a suppressed immune system makes the body more susceptible to infections. Similar to how the elderly are often at a greater risk. Most often the parts of the body that get infectious are the central nervous system, the mouth, lungs, kidney, large intestine, small intestine and the skin. The central nervous system can contact disease such as Meningitis, Encephalitis, and AIDS dementia. Diseases seen in the mouth are Herpes labiallis and Thrush. Disease seen in the lung is pneumonia. In the Kidneys, AID nephropathy. In the large intestine is Colitis and Procitis. The small intestine mal-absorption is often seen. Dermatitis, Folliculitis and Impetigo are infections on the skin. Lymphoma and Kaposis sarcoma are also diseases seen (Mullins, 2006). Many of these disease can be life threating when the are a secondary infection of HIV/AIDS, because the imm une system is suppressed these infections are more difficult for the body to fight off.   The normal T cell count can be around 10 when the normal count is typically around 1,000 T Cells (Muller, 2006). Precautions for the Embalmer As discussed in the textbook, Embalming History, Theory and Practice, every embalming should follow the Blood-borne Pathogen Rule. This rule has three parts, universal precautions, engineering controls and work practice controls (Mayer, 2012). Universal precautions mean that you treat every single case in the preparatory room as if it is an infectious disease case. While embalmer by law are supposed to be notified of an infectious case, that does not always mean they are aware. Proper personal protective equipment such as gloves, ventilation mask, face shield, arm covers, smock, shoe covers and a hair net and important for the embalmer to have. Protecting your skin from direct contact is very important. Disinfecting, sterilizing your tools and workspace prevents any body fluids from contaminating the work area. Disposing of sharps in the correct container (handling them with care) and other materials in the biohazard container will help with stick injuries and contamination. Dont for get about during the removal too, wear your personal protective equipment and dispose of it correctly.   The threat to embalmers is not AIDS itself, although the infection can be spread through need-stick injuries. The threat to embalmers is the potential of spreading and contracting opportunistic infections (Mullins, 2006). In a conversation with two embalmers, Mr. Gilbert and Mr. Omatis I asked if either of them had ever embalmed an infectious disease case and what advice they would have. Mr. Gilbert and Mr. Omatis both expressed to be how important universal precautions were and how as long as they are followed that rule not much in the methods used is very different. Mr. Gilbert mentioned that he is sure to wear extra protection if he knows its in infectious case, particularly a face mask and a face shield, he said that sometimes he will even double glove (Gilbert, 2018). Mr. Omatis had a similar response but also told me how he has almost encountered two needle stick injuries while embalming an AIDS case. Mr. Omatis told me, Youll never feel your heart drop to your stomach so fast when you almost poke yourself with the needle or the trocar, especially if its an autopsy case. Mr. Omatis expressed the importance of taking your time and doing procedures the correct way to avoid any skin puncturing inju ries. Its very important before the embalmer starts the embalming process to complete a pre-embalming analysis. The embalming analysis will be notes taken about the conditions of the body before the embalming preparations are started. Because there are so many infections and diseases that appear with AIDS, the conditions of a decedent with AIDS may have vary widely. By properly completing the pre-embalming analysis the embalmer can make note of what special precautions must take place and what extra steps might be needed. There are certain methods of drainage that the embalmer may consider to use to minimize exposure to the blood and to minimize the airborne pathogens. The two methods that may be considered are using a drain tube or direct heart drainage. The center of drainage come from the right atrium of the heart, the method of direct heart drainage is taking the drainage during embalming directly from the right atrium. The method of direct heart drainage is a good technique for infectious cases because it will minimize the exposure of the blood to the air, therefore creating a safer environment for the embalmer. This method is done by inserting a trocar into the right atrium, where the aspirator can be turned on slightly to start the movement of blood out of the body, then can be turned off. The blood will exit the heart through the trocar, through the tube attached to the trocar and into a bottle or the drain. Using a drain tube is a similar technique because it will keep the drainage of blood contained in a tube, and into the drain to minimize exposure.   There are a variety of drain tubes that can be used for different areas of the body (Mayer, 2012). Special Methods used in Embalming In the text book, Embalming History, Theory, and Practice, embalming treatments that are recommended for a contagious disease case it says use solutions a little stronger than normal (2-3%); run plenty of volume; avoid personal contact with first drainage; run volume and increased strengths depending on other body conditions (Mayer 2012).   A higher index and higher solution will make sure to fixate the proteins to help stop microbial growth. The reason to avoid contact with the first drainage is because that will be the most infectious of the blood; other drainage would have come into contact with the arterial fluids.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HIV and AIDS is an important disease to be knowledgeable about in funeral service. From its origin, the transmission and the embalming implications there is a lot to be aware of. Because this disease is an infectious disease spread by body fluids and blood, the funeral director and embalmer should know how to treat the body for both personal protection and so that the body is preserved in the best way possible to prevent other infection and to help the family view their loved one before final disposition.   The most important aspect to remember is to always follow universal precautions and take your time to analysis and preform the correct procedures.

Analysis Of Geoffrey Chaucer s The Canterbury Tales

Geoffrey Chaucer Thinking of Geoffrey Chaucer one may only consider him as the author of The Canterbury Tales but like most authors they are not only their best works. Unfortunately for most late poets and authors their history isn’t much known, it is usually not documented in general. Yet fortunately for Chaucer he has worked for people who do get their history written about which makes his past a little more well known than other poets of his time. So of course with this there are biographies that appeal to legend like many major figures from the past but also with Chaucer there is known, loose, factual history based on mostly receipts and some fill in the blank. I will go with the receipts and will be writing about Chaucer’s forefathers, his early life, then his middle years, later years and death, then I will go more in detail about his major poetry works as it is difficult to place many of them into certain points in the timeline and also about the influence of his works on the linguistic and literary levels. Several previous generations of family before Chaucer were merchants in Ipswich which is one of England’s oldest towns, forming around the 7th century. Chaucer, in his book The Canterbury Tales, even poked fun of the merchants from Ipswich probably knowing exactly how they are. Though his own father and grandfather weren’t employed at Ipswich, they were both vintners in London. Vintners are specifically wine merchants, though they could also include theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Geoffrey Chaucer s Canterbury Tales Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesto better themselves. This first exploit of trust can be found within Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. While the whole entire work exposes corruptions within the Catholic Church during Chaucer’s time, the breaking of trust is actually demonstrated within the Pardoner’s Prologue and Tale. At the end of the Pardoner’s tale, he offers the pilgrimage relics, for a fee of course. However, at the prologue of the Pardoner’s tale, the Pardoner himself has explained how the Catholic Church and other fellowRead MoreChaucer s Candide And Shakespeare s Macbeth1317 Words   |  6 Pagessociety in which the author lived such as Voltaire’s’ Candide and Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Geoffrey Chaucer, famous for his The Canterbury Tales, and considered instrumental in the creation of English literature, is not as well known for social commentary in his writing. However, The Canterbury Tales do indeed possess insight and analysis of society, namely the role of the auth ority figures in the Church. Chaucer was critical of the abuses and misuses he saw in the authority within the Church. He demonstratedRead MoreThe Wife Of Bath s Prologue1134 Words   |  5 Pagesdirectly omitting what the male gender was trying to say and therefore is saying that women are better since they can take something already written and rewrite it to better people’s needs. Chaucer goes on to illuminate The Wife of Bath’s argument of female authority through â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale.† Throughout the tale, a woman ultimately decides the outcome of a knight destined for death. When a knight is accused of raping a woman, the king is supposed to determine his fate and the consequences he wouldRead MoreAn Analysis Of Chaucer s The Canterbury Tales 2650 Words   |  11 PagesAn Analysis of Chaucer’s Miller in The Canterbury Tales In the prologue to The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer introduces the Miller as a crude, rude, loud character who cheats his customers. The tale, which the Miller later narrates, is appropriate because the Miller’s tale clearly reflects this individual’s unrefined personality by telling a typical, filthy tavern story. The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, is a story that details thirty pilgrims, including Chaucer, traveling onRead MoreAnalysis Of The Canterbury Tales : Chaucer s Second Nun s Tale 2418 Words   |  10 Pages AN ANALYSIS OF THE CANTERBURY TALES: Chaucer’s â€Å"Second Nun’s Tale†. Leah Holle REL. 700a: Transitional Moments in Western Christianity 1 November 5th, 2014 Geoffrey Chaucer was a prominent figure within English Literature during the Middle Ages, and is regarded as one of the greatest English poets. Among Chaucer’s works, The Canterbury Tales is arguably one of his most famous pieces. In this fictional work, there is a collection of over 20 stories that areRead More Contradictions in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales Essay3897 Words   |  16 PagesContradictions in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales There is no question that contradictory values make up a major component of The Canterbury Tales. Fate vs. Fortuna, knowledge vs. experience and love vs. hate all embody Chaucers famous work. These contrasting themes are an integral part of the complexity and sophistication of the book, as they provide for an ironic dichotomy to the creative plot development and undermine the superficial assumptions that might be made. The combination of completelyRead More Canterbury Tales Morality Paper1070 Words   |  5 PagesEternal Bliss or Life Amiss?: Analysis of Theme in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales The Christian Church has been a driving force in politics and morals for hundreds of years. In the medieval time period in Europe, the Church was particularly strong, a majority of the European peoples and rulers were followers. The set of moral codes and virtues the Church sets forth dictates how each person should live. Provided that one follows these morals, the Church guarantees every follower a placeRead MoreRole Of Women During The United States1082 Words   |  5 PagesStephanie Vissering British Literature 1 Professor Stanley September 27, 2014 Critical Analysis Essay: Role of Women The role of women in the United States has changed dramatically in the last couple of decades. For one, women have taken on responsibilities outside the home, such as joining the paid workforce. While women made up only about one third of the workforce in 1969, women today make up half of the paid workers in the US. Women are also stepping up to lead the country as well as makingRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - Women in The Wife of Bath1433 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Chaucers The Wife of Bath Chaucers The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale is a medieval legend that paints a portrait of strong women finding love and themselves in the direst of situations. It is presented to the modern day reader as an early tale of feminism showcasing the ways a female character gains power within a repressive, patriarchal society. Underneath the simplistic plot of female empowerment lies an underbelly of anti-feminism. Sometimes this is presented blatantlyRead MoreThe Metrics Of English Literature4721 Words   |  19 Pagesyears of linguistics and literature experience will analyse several texts that belong to different stages of the English language and compare their ideas. Why may you ask? To discuss the points of comparison between linguistics and the aesthetic analysis of English literature and discover the underlying oral similarities of our language Sylvia Miller is renowned for her understanding and interpretation of the aesthetic aspects of English literature throughout the periods Old English to the Modern

Teenage Brain Term Paper Free Essays

Cleve Harrison PYSCH 1030 Guerin 9 March 2013 Inside the Teenage Brain Every human being on the face of the earth went through those fun, party filled teenaged years. During this time most everyone experienced mostly the same awkward moments. The time when teens feel they know everything, and are an adult. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Brain Term Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now How is this explained and how does brain development explain how and what we learn? In a PBS documentary â€Å"Inside the Teenage Brain† by Sarah Sparks this is explained in a great amount of information. Did you know that during the teenage years, this is when the most development occurs? People often wonder why it seems like their teens have been invaded by another body or why their baby suddenly wants to be separate from them. A study done by Dr. Jay Giedd who ran a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on his own son shows some of the difference. An MRI is a magnetic field used to excite the atoms in the body and the energy emitted by these atoms is used to construct a computer-generated picture of the brain. (Pastorino) The MRI was used to show stages of the brain over time from early childhood into the teen years and comparing that with images from an adult brain to show what the differences were. One of the biggest finds in the brain development of the teenage years was the fact that that frontal cortex of the brain takes on the image of a babies brain right before a child turns to their teenage years. This sort of â€Å"growth spurt† is responsible for a wave of over-thinking mainly due to the level of thickness in the gray matter or thinking part of the brain. (Sparks) As humans age the gray matter thickens and the executive part of the brain is formed during the teenage years. This is due to the neural connections in the frontal cortex of the brain as they are larger in a teen’s brain than in the normal adult. This also is where the stages of pruning begin. This gives the brain shape for future strengths of what is learned. For example if you come from a family of mechanics and you are constantly under the hood of a car you are more likely to have a strength in fixing an engine or have a more natural lean towards that, instead of say cooking. (Sparks) Another aspect to explore is the characteristics of the brain during the teenage years. Most teens need nine and a quarter hours of sleep each night to be vivid enough to start their school day. This study shows that most teens get an average of about seven and a half hours of sleep instead. (Sparks) Part of the reason for this as the events going around in the teens life, this is the discovery period of video games, late night television and when the brain tends to kick in more in teens and gives them a â€Å"second wind† instead of allowing sleep. The program shows that teens who get more sleep, primarily REM sleep, tend to have better functions than those who get less. One of the major characteristics of development is the interior prefrontal part of the brain. In teens this has less function than in adults, but the flip side to this is the emotional region of the brain in teens is more active than that of adults. This explains why teens have baby like tantrums if they don’t get their way or we hear the infamous grow up or act your age from parents to their children. Other aspects in the characteristics include the cerebellum of the brain. The cerebellum changes the most in teens, this gives teens the ability to coordinate their thoughts into cohesive and understanding sources. This is also the reason teens are more likely to experience more with drugs and alcohol as this is the time when curiosity gets the best of people in their adolescent stages. (Sparks) In some states, an attempt to get teens the full recommended sleep has led to a later school start. In Minnesota, school starts a full hour later than it used to begin. While this has led to more attentive students in the first part of the classes it has also began to affect extracurricular activities which are also very important in the development of teens. This also affects family time. Given all the new findings adults are learning better ways and more understanding ways to relate. Teens want relationships with their parents and want them to ask if something is wrong and have open discussions with them. Kids want more one on one time instead of feeling like they are being forgotten or ignored as children. This study has shown that teens who have a better relationship with their parents tend to fair better in society and develop better. While teens still want some form of independence, they still want the reliance that is there for them if the need it with their parents. (Sparks) Growing up we all have experienced the ups and downs and the fun that is being a teenage. From the awkward start of puberty through the first driving experiences it is easy to understand why we were all so rebellious. For me, being very close to my mother and not so much to my father it was a little different. Being one of twins and with a sister ten years older than me it was almost like being a generation apart. During my teenage years my father had my brother in the tobacco field while I was at home with mom and have a more care-like nature about me. During my teen years I fought more with my mother, while still staying close to my father. Whereas my brother was out doing regular teenage stuff, experimenting with drugs, alcohol and having sex. During my teen years extracurricular activities were very my teen stuff. I was a band nerd, journalist and part of the student government and enjoyed my after school time. While looking back I wish I had been more sports active for more social skills I grew up with that yearning to learn. Being close to my parents in my teenage years allowed me to shape my future. I took care of my parents at the close of their lives while my brother was more secluded and off to his own not knowing how to deal with what was happening. I am happy to have had the experience as a teen of growing and learning more from my parents and family than doing the party thing. The learning experience from the PBS Special is invaluable. Learning why and how we all react as teens gives hindsight to everything experienced. The good, the bad and that embarrassing. Works Cited Pastorino, Ellen, and Susann Doyle-Portillo. What Is Psychology? 3rd ed. Australia: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2006. Print. Sparks, Sarah. â€Å"Inside the Teenage Brain. † PBS. PBS, 09 Mar. 2002. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. How to cite Teenage Brain Term Paper, Essays

Support Services for Radiotherapy Patients

Introduction When patients are diagnosed with cancer, they are more often than not put under radiotherapy as one form of treatment. However, this does not mean that all patients with cancer are put under radiotherapy. There are those that are put under other forms of treatment such as chemotherapy. There are also other patients suffering from other forms of ailments that are put under radiotherapy.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Support Services for Radiotherapy Patients specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whichever the case, radiotherapy is a source of anxiety, worries and a very stressing experiencing to the patients and their kin. This is why support is a very important component of radiotherapy. Support in radiotherapy can be conceptualized as a form of intervention that helps in easing this anxiety experienced by patients and their family. The support can be provided by the family members themselves , the nursing fraternity or the care providers, and can also be provided by other members of the society such as the religious organizations (Bolderston 2006). Support can also be viewed as a form of interpersonal processes riding on social exchanges between the patient, their family, the care providers and other members of the society. These exchanges on the part of the patient are in form of coming into contact with the support, recognizing and experiencing the support (Anonymous 2010). This preamble points to the fact that there are various forms of support that are there for the radiotherapy patient. This includes social and other forms of support. However, there are concerns to the effect that these services are not accessed by all the deserving patients. This is given the fact that some of the patients are not aware of the existence of these services (Anonymous 2010). For example, it is noted that thousands of cancer patients are not benefiting from radiotherapy treatment desp ite the fact that they qualify for the services. This lack of access is attributed to the lack of awareness on the existence of these services on the part of the patients (Anonymous 2010). It is against this backdrop that efforts have been made by several stakeholders in this field to advertise support services available to the radiotherapy patients. These advertisements are carried out on various platforms. This includes the care providers passing the message to their patients verbally, or advertising on the various magazines and articles aimed at the patients.Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This literature review will compare two articles touching on the existence of support services for radiotherapy patients and how the services are advertised. The aim of the researcher will be to engage in a comparative critique of these two articles. The first article is Inform ation and support: a descriptive study of the needs of patients with cancer before their first experience of radiotherapy. This article is a report on a study carried out by Shanne McNamara. The second article will be What information patients with localized prostate cancer hear and understand, a study by Sandra McGregor. In this literature review, the researcher will specifically describe the content of the articles, compare and contrast the methodologies used and justifications or lack of thereof for the methodologies used in the articles. The researcher will also look at how the information in the articles informs the researcher’s current area of study and why the articles are important for this study. Review of Articles Information and Support: A Descriptive Study of the Needs of Patients with Cancer before Their First Experience of Radiotherapy, McNamara Shanne, 1999 Preamble This study was carried out in the year 1999 and published in the European Journal of Oncology Nu rsing. The major aim of this study was to describe the amount of support and information that is made available to radiotherapy patients before they start receiving and attending to this form of treatment. The study also aimed at highlighting the opinions of the patients regarding the level and type of information and support that, according to them, are required (McNamara 1999). The study used a self completed questionnaire as the tool for data collection. This questionnaire was mailed to 297 potential respondents. This is before the patients attended their first radiotherapy session. The patients were requested to come back with the completed questionnaire when they came for their first radiotherapy session. 199 patients out of the total 297 returned their completed questionnaires (McNamara 1999). According to the findings of this study, it appears that patients with different types of cancer receive different levels of information before they attend their first session in radioth erapy. For example, breast cancer patients appear to benefit from more information than patients with other forms of cancer.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Support Services for Radiotherapy Patients specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another thing that this study found was that age and gender also influenced the level of information that patients received before they started their radiotherapy sessions. For example, young females suffering from breast cancer were found to be well informed than other categories of patients. These patients also received better support than other categories of patients before they started their radiotherapy sessions (Nette and Svensson 2004). This study concluded that patients are in need of more information and support before they start radiotherapy treatments. The study acknowledges the fact that support and information is vital at every stage of radiotherapy treatment. But the scholar notes that the period before the commencement of radiotherapy is especially vital. The information and support is instrumental in reducing the level of anxiety in the patients. Content of the Study As already stated, the study looked at the opinion of the patients before they started their radiotherapy sessions. The findings of this study are the main contents of this article. McNamara (1999) introduces the article by noting that literature in this field points to the fact that cancer patients are more often than not dissatisfied with the amount of information that they are provided with regarding their condition. This is especially information touching on the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of their conditions. This is despite the fact that they are the ones who are directly and mostly affected by the handling of their condition (Lyrataopoulos, Barbiere, Greenberg, Wright and Neal 2010). McNamara (1999), in the introduction of this article, notes that this defic it in information is confounding to the scholars and other stakeholders in this sector. This is given the fact that virtually every stakeholder, including the care providers themselves, are aware of the fact that a well informed patient is more likely to be satisfied and more likely to benefit from the services that they receive during the radiotherapy session.Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering that the care providers are aware of this fact, it is hard to comprehend why they fail to provide their charges with such information well before they start their treatment (Lyrataopoulos et al 2010). One of the major aims of this study was to find out the amount of information that is given to the patients regarding the form of treatment that they are going to receive. This is especially the information that they were given by the care provider when they were being informed that they needed to undergo radiotherapy. The researcher also aimed at finding out the amount and type of support that the patients received from the care providers and other professionals in the field before they were enrolled on radiotherapy. This is especially so given that there are several forms of support that can be ideally provided by the health care professionals well before the commencement of the radiotherapy. This includes psychological support, for example assuring the patients that they are better off receiving radiotherapy than other forms of treatment. The care providers can also provide the patients with information regarding the benefits and risks of this form of treatment. This will reduce the anxiety that comes with uncertainty on the part of the patients (Moss 2006). This article also contains information touching on the level of information and support that the patients thought they required before they started their radiotherapy sessions. The article further contains information touching on the kind of participants for the study. The study used several criteria in selecting the respondents to collect information from. The major inclusion criterion that was used was the sampling of any cancer patient that was attending the oncology centre selected with the aim of being enrolled for radiotherapy for the first time. The researcher ensured that they did not include patients who have received radiotherapy treatment in the past. This is given the fact that such patients would have given responses that were influenced to a larger extent by their experiences in the past, creating bias and reducing the accuracy of the findings of this study (Bottomley and Jones 1997). In this article, the findings of the study are also contained. The study found that the average number of weeks that have elapsed since the respondents had been informed of their condition to the time of the study was about 27 weeks (McNamara 1999). The period ranged between one month and twelve years. The study found that the duration of time since diagnosis had no impact on the amount and quality of information and support that was made available to the patients. The study also looked at the effects that previous interventions and treatments such as chemotherapy had on the amount and quality of information that patients were exposed to. It was found that these previous interventions had no significant effect on the quality and quantity of information and support given to thes e patients before they started their radiotherapy treatment (Fleming 1992: Webb 1994: Wilkinson 1991). It was found that 86 percent of breast cancer patients had been given information regarding radiotherapy. This is as compared to 72 percent of lung cancer. Also, a significantly higher number of patients with lung cancer felt that they needed more information (51%) as compared to only 39 percent of breast cancer patients (McNamara 1999). It was also found that breast cancer patients appear to benefit more from support provided by care providers than other category of patients. This was indicated by the number of patients that reported to have been seen by a care provider such as a nurse before they started on their radiotherapy treatment. 76 percent of breast cancer patients reported to have been seen by a nurse. This is as compared to only 59 percent of lung cancer patients (McNamara 1999). As far as gender is concerned, this study found that female patients tended to receive more support and information from the health care providers than their male counterparts. 81 percent of the female patients reported that they were seen often by a nurse. This is as compared to 53 percent of the male patients (McNamara 1999). This gender disparity can be attributed to the fact that majority of the female respondents were suffering from breast cancer (63 percent of the female respondents). This is significant given the fact that the breast cancer patients were more likely to be seen by a nurse before the commencement of their radiotherapy sessions (McNamara 1999). In summary, more than fifty percent of cancer patients, according to this study, need more information regarding their condition; information touching on their conditions diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. This summation is in line with the findings of similar studies carried out in the field. For example, Anonymous (2010) found that more than 60 percent of patients with cancer lack information on their condit ion and the type and benefits of various forms of treatment that they can access. Methodology of the Study This study assumed a non-experimental descriptive design. This is given that the researcher needed a design that will enable them to describe the experiences of the patients as far as the amount of information and support they received before they started their radiotherapy treatment was concerned. Given the aims and objectives of the study and the nature of data that was needed for it to be completed, the researcher used a self completed questionnaire as the tool for data collection. They justified this selection by claiming that the self completed questionnaires would allow for the systematic assessment of the opinions and views of the respondents. To come up with the contents of the questionnaire, the researcher carried out informal observations and conversations with patients and care providers in the cancer wards of the hospital within which the study was to be conducted. The findings of these informal conversations and observations formed the basis of the questions that were included in the questionnaire. The researcher had to design their own questionnaire for this study given the fact that they were unable to find a suitable questionnaire design from the literature review that they carried out prior to the designing of the questionnaire. A pilot study was carried out to fine tune the questions and design of the questionnaire. The findings of the pilot study led to minor adjustments to the initial questionnaire. A number of patients were sampled from the records obtained from the hospital’s oncology department. The researcher selected those patients that had been diagnosed with cancer and they were set to begin their first radiotherapy treatment sessions. A large number of patients were selected for this study given the fact that the researcher was to rely on the respondents’ self completion of the questionnaire and returning it to th e researcher. The researcher was aware that not all the respondents who received the questionnaire will complete it. This is especially so given the fact that they were not been compensated for their troubles in completing the questionnaire. The data from the completed questionnaires was sorted out using the Microsoft Excel 5 for Windows Analysis Toolpack. This program was important in this study given that it was able to calculate values and create charts from the raw data. As such, the researcher was able to make sense from raw data that meant little in its raw form (McNamara 1999). The methodology design for this study is justifiable under the circumstances of the study. Given that the investigator was interested in opinions of patients who are yet to experience radiotherapy treatment, it was justifiable to exclude those patients who have undergone radiotherapy in the past. This is because their responses will be affected by their past experiences. A non-experimental descriptive design is justifiable given that the researcher needed the opinions of the respondents. Significance of this Article to the Current Study The major aim of the current study is to explore the existence of support services for radiotherapy patients. This is together to finding out how these services are advertised to the target audience. Given this, the findings of the study reported in this article are significant to the current study. The reported study highlights the kind of information that cancer patients who are yet to undergo radiotherapy need. This is compared to the actual quantity and quality of information that the patients receive. It is important to note that, as much as information required by the patients and the services that they receive are two different entities, they are also related to some extent. This is given the fact that the information provided to the patients can be viewed as part of the support services package needed by the patients, at least within the c ontext of the current study. The findings of the current will, among other things, inform stakeholders in the health care profession when it comes to formulating the contents of advertisements aimed at publicizing the availability of support services for radiotherapy patients. As such, the findings of McNamara’s study (1999) as reported in this study will go a long way in providing the current investigator with information touching on the informational needs of cancer patients. However, the significance of McNamara’s study to this current area of research is limited by the limited nature of McNamara’s study. For example, McNamara limits their study to cancer patients who are yet to receive radiotherapy treatment. As such, the opinions of patients who are already undergoing radiotherapy are left out. This makes hard to gauge the needs of these patients from the findings reported in this article. This is despite the fact that it is equally important to cater for t he informational and other forms of needs for patients who are already undergoing radiotherapy treatment. The McNamara study as reported in this article is also limited to cancer patients alone. This is despite the fact that there are other categories of patients that benefit from radiotherapy. The needs of these patients are not captured in this study. It is important to note that these other categories of patients have needs that should be catered for when it comes to advertising for radiotherapy support services. What Information Patients with Localised Prostate Cancer Hear and Understand, McGregor Sandra, 2003 Preamble This study was carried out in the year 2002, but the findings were published in the year 2003. The findings were published in the Patient Education and Counselling journal in the year 2003. The article that is been reviewed in this paper reports the findings of this study. In the introduction part of the article, McGregor (2003) notes that there are different trea tment options that are available to the patients suffering from prostate cancer. This includes radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery. However, McGregor notes that several factors inform the ability of the patient to make decisions regarding these options and to pick and adopt one of them. One of such factor is the provision of information to the patient by the doctor (McGregor 2003). The information provided by the doctor will help the patient in making the decision regarding their mode of treatment. The patient will be able to make a decision that appropriate to their needs and lifestyle. However, McGregor (2003) notes that the quality of information that is provided by the doctor is equally significant to the decisions that are made by the patients. The information provided by the doctor, for it to be effective, must be information that the patients can understand and remember. The study used a sample of patients with localised prostate cancer. This means that those patients suff ering from prostate cancer that has spread to other organs and part of their body were not included in the study. McGregor (2003) used a small sample of respondents (N=10). These were those men that had already been diagnosed with prostate cancer, but had not been treated for early stage disease. This study is even narrower than the McNamara study that was reviewed above. While McNamara (1999) used a fairly large sample of 199 respondents, McGregor (2003) used ten. Whereas McNamara studied cancer patients at large, including women, McGregor (2003) limits himself to prostate cancer only, and his sample is entirely composed of men. A semi structured interview was used to collect data for the study. This is as opposed to the self completed questionnaire that was used by McNamara (1999). The major aim of the interview was to gauge the knowledge of the respondents regarding their disease and treatment models available. It was found that most of the patients were not informed about the ra tionale behind the selection of their mode of treatment. They left the decision to their urologists, and more often than not, went with the decisions made by these urologists. They never asked for clarifications, and their doctors did not find the need to provide them with information (Grahn 1996: Gotay 2005: Agar 2006). Majority of the patients (80 percent) reported that they did not believe or feel that the mode of treatment selected by their doctor was not the best for them. They cited several factors, such as the incompatibility of the mode of treatment with their lifestyle (McGregor 2003). Contents of the Article The major aim of this study is one of the contents reported in this article. The aim of this study, as reported in this article, was to find out what the respondents recalled and comprehended as far as their disease is concerned. These were issues such as the management of their condition and the side effects that this condition had on their lives and their health in g eneral. McGregor (2003) collected the information from the semi structured interviews in such a way that a video could be developed, a video documenting the various attributes of the disease and the various management and treatment options that are there for the patients (Bell 67). McGregor (2003) is of the view that the personal and interpersonal characteristics of both the patient and their doctor are instrumental. This is given the fact that this can affect the quality of communication between the two parties (Bell 68). For example, the traits of the patient and the doctor can either improve or inhibit the passage of various messages between the patient and the doctor (Wilkinson 1991: Gotay 2005). Comprehension of the information exchanged between the patient and the doctor is usually pegged on the way the information is passed across. This means that the perceptions and attitudes that the patients hold regarding the attitude and mannerism of their doctor impacts on their underst anding and retention of the information passed across (Greenhalgh 8). The study found that most of the respondents could not recall major events in their disease’s history. For example, only 2 men out of the total ten could recall the exact date that they were diagnosed with the condition (McGregor 2003). It was also found that many of the men could not name the procedures that they underwent with their urologist when they went for regular check up to manage their conditions (Greenhalgh 9). This is an indication of the fact that the doctors did not find it important to inform their patients about the nature of the procedures that they were undergoing. For example, 8 men could describe the procedures that they were been taken through but were not aware of the name of the procedure (McGregor 2003). All of the respondents could remember undergoing regular blood checks when they visited their urologists. Five of those men could quote their exact PSA levels as they were reported b y their doctors. The rest never reported about these readings since their doctors did not give them out. In fact, one of the respondents reported that they were reproached by their doctor for asking about the exact reading of their PSA levels (McGregor 2003). Methodology of the Study As earlier indicated in this paper, this study used a sample of ten men who had been diagnosed with localised prostate cancer. Just like in McNamara’s study, the sample was drawn from patients who have not yet started on their treatment (McNamara 1999). The researcher used purposive sampling, where they asked urologists to refer them to their patients who had been diagnosed with the disease within the last three months (Holiday 27). This methodology was justified given the fact that the researcher was interested in those patients that had not yet started their treatment. The researcher recorded the interviews and transcribed them verbatim. The aim was to capture the exact responses of the subject s. The researcher complemented this by recording on their notebooks their opinions regarding what they observed, for example the mental state of their respondents during the interview. The same number of questions was posed to the respondents. The interview duration was however varied, depending on the time that each respondent took to answer the questions that were posed to them. The length of the interviews usually varied from 0.5 hours to 3.5 hours (McGregor 2003). Significance of the Article to the Current Study The findings of the study reported in this article are significant to the current study that is being conducted by this researcher. For example, the findings of McGregor study touching on the kind of information that the respondents need from their health care providers will go along way in informing the contents of the advertisements for support services aimed at radiotherapy patients (Holiday 56). The findings of McGregor’s study will also provide this researche r with information regarding the needs of prostate cancer patients. These findings will also be very instrumental in the researcher’s formulation of the kind of relationship between the doctor and the patient that will be beneficial to the treatment and management of chronic conditions. However, just like in the case of McNamara study, the significance of this study to the current one is also limited. For example, the study used a small sample size, and as such can not be generalised to the whole community of radiotherapy patients with confidence. The study also limited itself to prostate cancer patients, and as such can not be generalised confidently. Conclusion This literature review critically analysed the findings of two studies reported in two different articles. The researcher looked at the contents of these studies and how their findings are related to the current study. It was found that the findings of these two studies were significant to the current study. However, the significance was limited by the limited nature of the studies. For example, the studies were limited to the case of cancer patients alone. The studies were also limited to the informational and other forms of needs that are experienced by patients that have not yet started their treatment sessions. References Agar, MH. 2006. Speaking of ethnography. Beverly Hills: Sage. Anonymous. 2010. Thousands of cancer patients missing out on radiotherapy. Web. Bell, J. 2005. Doing your research project. 4th ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Bolderston, A. 2006. Mixed messages: A comparison between the perceptions of radiation therapy patients and radiation therapists regarding patients’ educational needs. Radiography, 14(2): 111-119. Bottomley, A., and Jones, L. 1997. Breast cancer care: women’s experiences. European Journal of Cancer Care, 6: 124-132. Fleming, VE. 1992. Client education: a futuristic outlook. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17: 158-163. Gotay, CC. 2005. Wh y me? Attributions and adjustments by cancer patients and their mates at two stages in the disease process. Social Science Medicine, 20: 25-31. Grahn, G. 1996. Coping with the cancer experience. 1. Developing an education and support programme for cancer patients and their significant others. European Journal of Cancer Care, 5:176–81. Greenhalgh, T. 2006. How to read a paper: the basics of evidence – based medicine. 3rd ed. Chichester: Wiley. Holiday, A. 2002. Doing and writing qualitative research. London: SAGE. Lyrataopoulos, G., Barbiere, JM., Greenberg, DC., Wright, KA., and Neal, DE. 2010. Population based time trends and socioeconomic variation in use of radiotherapy and radical surgery for prostate cancer in a UK region: continuous survey. British Medical Journal, 340: 1342-1356. McGregor, S. 2003. What information patients with localised prostate cancer hear and understand. Patient Education and Counselling, 49: 273-278. McNamara, S. 1999. Information and suppo rt: A descriptive study of the needs of patients with cancer before their first experience of radiotherapy. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 3(1): 31-37. Moss, RW. 2006. Should patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy be prescribed antioxidants? Cancer Communications, 24(2): 34-38. Nette, P., and Svensson, H. 2004. Radiation dosimetry in health care: expanding the reach of global networks. Web. Webb, PA. 1994. Health promotion and patient education. London: Chapman and Hall. Wilkinson, S. 1991. Factors which influence how nurses communicate with cancer patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16: 677-688. This critical writing on Support Services for Radiotherapy Patients was written and submitted by user Kamren Baxter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jackson Pollack essays

Jackson Pollack essays On the floor I am more at ease, I feel nearer, more a part of the painting, since this way I can walk around in it, work from the four sides and be literally in the painting. These are the words of the great 1940s artist Jackson Pollack, a commanding figure in the Abstract Expressionist movement. In this essay I will talk a little about Pollacks history, his work Full Fathom Five, and the parallels between Pollacks work and 1940s lifestyle. Paul Jackson Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming in January of 1912. His family frequently moved around the western United States, as his father took various jobs to support them. When his father finally landed a steady job as a land surveyor in the Grand Canyon and other parts of the Southwest, Pollock often joined him. He later remarked that his memories of the panoramic landscape influenced his artistic vision. In 1930, Pollock joined his 2 brothers in New York at the Art Students League. He studied under the Regionalist painter Thomas Hart Benton. Pollocks works in the 1930s had Regionalist and slight Surrealist influences in them. The early 1940s marked a significant change in Pollocks style of painting. Native American motifs and other pictographic imagery began to play a role in his paintings, which showed the beginning of a new, more mature style. By the mid-1940s, Pollock began painting completely abstract. With his 1949 painting Full Fathom Five, Pollock truly showed what art could become. He began using his drip technique in 1947. Pollock would fix his canvas to the floor and drip paint from a can using a variety of objects to manipulate the paint. He would use nails, coins, needles, and various other small objects on the canvas itself and let the paint flow around them. It is one of the first action ...

Bent Pyramid Insight In Egyptian Architectural History

Bent Pyramid Insight In Egyptian Architectural History The Bent Pyramid in Dahshur, Egypt is unique among pyramids: instead of being a perfect pyramid shape, the slope changes about 2/3 of the way to the top. It is also one of five Old Kingdom Pyramids that retain their original form, 4,500 years after their construction. All of them- the Bent and Red Pyramids at Dahshur and the three Pyramids at Giza- were built within a single century. Out of all five, the Bent Pyramid is the best opportunity we have for understanding how architectural techniques of ancient Egypt were developed. Statistics The Bent Pyramid is located near Saqqara, and it was built during the reign of the Old Kingdom Egyptian pharaoh Snefru, sometimes transliterated from the hieroglyphs as Snofru or Sneferu. Snefru ruled Upper and Lower Egypt between 2680-2565 BCE or 2575-2551 BCE, depending on which chronology you use. The Bent Pyramid is 189 meters (620 feet) square at its base and 105 m (345 ft) tall. It has two distinct interior apartments designed and built independently and connected only by a narrow passageway. Entrances to these rooms are located on the north and west faces of the pyramid. It is unknown who was buried inside of the Bent Pyramid- their mummies were stolen in ancient times. Why is it Bent? The pyramid is called bent because of that steep change in slope. To be precise, the lower part of the pyramids outline is angled inward at 54 degrees, 31 minutes, and then at 49 m (165 ft) above the base, the slope abruptly flattens out to 43 degrees, 21 minutes, leaving a distinctively odd shape. Several theories about why the pyramid was made this way were prevalent in Egyptology until recently. They included the premature death of the pharaoh, requiring the speedy completion of the pyramid; or that noises coming from the interior clued the builders into the fact that the angle was not sustainable. To Bend or Not to Bend Archaeoastronomer Juan Antonio Belmonte and engineer Giulio Magli have argued that the Bent Pyramid was built at the same time as the Red Pyramid, a pair of monuments built to celebrate Snefru as the double-king: pharaoh of the Red Crown of the north and the White Crown of the South. Magli, in particular, has argued that the bend was an intentional element of the Bent Pyramids architecture, meant to establish an astronomical alignment appropriate to Snefrus sun cult. The most commonly held theory today is that a comparably sloped pyramid- Meidum, also thought to have been built by Snefru- collapsed while the Bent Pyramid was still under construction, and the architects adjusted their building techniques to make sure the Bent Pyramid would not do the same. A Technological Breakthrough Intentional or not, the Bent Pyramids odd appearance provides insight into the technical and architectural breakthrough it represents in Old Kingdom monument building. The dimensions and weight of the stone blocks are much greater than its predecessors, and the construction technique of the outer casings is quite different. Earlier pyramids were constructed with a central core with no functional distinctions between casing and external layer: the experimenting architects of the Bent Pyramid tried something different. Like the earlier Step Pyramid, the Bent pyramid has a central core with progressively smaller horizontal courses stacked on top of one another. To fill in the external steps and make a smooth-faced triangle, the architects needed to add casing blocks. The Meidum pyramids outer casings were formed by cutting sloped edges on horizontally placed blocks: but that pyramid failed, spectacularly, its outer casings falling off it in a catastrophic landslide as it neared completion. The Bent Pyramids casings were cut as rectangular blocks, but they were laid sloping inward at 17 degrees against the horizontal. That is technically more difficult, but it gives strength and solidity to the building, taking advantage of gravity pulling the mass inward and downward. This technology was invented during the construction: in the 1970s, Kurt Mendelssohn suggested that when Meidum collapsed, the core of the Bent Pyramid was already built to a height of about 50 m (165 ft), so instead of starting from scratch, the builders changed the way the outer casings were constructed. By the time Cheops pyramid at Giza was constructed a few decades later, those architects used improved, better-fitting and better-shaped limestone blocks as casings, permitting that steep and lovely 54-degree angle to survive. A Complex of Buildings In the 1950s, archaeologist  Ahmed Fakhry  discovered that the Bent Pyramid was surrounded by a complex of temples, residential structures and causeways, hidden beneath the shifting sands of the Dahshur plateau. Causeways and orthogonal roads connect the structures: some were built or added on to during the Middle Kingdom, but much of the complex is attributed to the reign of Snefru or his 5th dynasty successors. All later pyramids are also part of complexes, but the Bent Pyramids is one of the earliest examples. The Bent Pyramid complex includes a small upper temple or chapel to the east of the pyramid, a causeway and a valley temple. The Valley Temple is a rectangular 47.5x27.5 m (155.8x90 ft) stone building with an open courtyard and a gallery that probably held six statues of Snefru. Its stone walls are about 2 m (6.5 ft) thick. Residential and Administrative An extensive (34x25 m or 112x82 ft) mud brick structure with much thinner walls (.3-.4 m or 1-1.3 ft) was adjacent to the valley temple, and it was accompanied by round silos and square storage buildings. A garden with some palm trees stood nearby, and a mud-brick enclosure wall surrounded all of it. Based on archaeological remains, this set of buildings served a range of purposes, from domestic and residential to administrative and storage. A total of 42 clay sealing fragments naming fifth dynasty rulers was found in a midden east of the valley temple. South of the Bent pyramid is a smaller pyramid, 30 m (100 ft) high with an overall slope of about 44.5 degrees. The small inner chamber may have held another statue of Snefru, this one to hold the Ka, the symbolic vital spirit of the king. Arguably, the Red Pyramid could be part of the intended Bent Pyramid complex. Built roughly at the same time, the Red Pyramid is the same height, but faced with reddish limestone- scholars surmise that this is the pyramid where Snefru himself was buried, but of course, his mummy was looted long ago. Other features of the complex include a necropolis with Old Kingdom tombs and Middle Kingdom burials, located east of the Red Pyramid. Archaeology and History The primary archaeologist associated with excavations in the 19th century was William Henry Flinders Petrie; and in the 20th century, it was Ahmed Fakhry. Ongoing excavations are being conducted at Dahshur by the German Archaeological Institute at Cairo and the Free University of Berlin. Sources Aboulfotouh, Hossam M. K. Astronomical Algorithms of Egyptian Pyramids Slopes Adn Their Modules Divider. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 15.3 (2015): 225–35. Print.Alexanian, Nicole, and Felix Arnold. The Necropolis of Dahshur: Eleventh Excavation Report Spring 2014. Berlin: German Archaeological Institute and Free University of Berlin, 2014. Print.Alexanian, Nicole, et al. The Necropolis of Dahshur: Fifth Excavation Report Spring 2008. Berlin: German Archaeological Institute and Free University of Berlin, 2008. Print.Belmonte, Juan Antonio, and Giulio Magli. Astronomy, Architecture, and Symbolism: The Global Project of Sneferu at Dahshur. Journal for the History of Astronomy 46.2 (2015): 173–205. Print.MacKenzie, Kenneth J. D., et al. Were the Casing Stones of Senefrus Bent Pyramid in Dahshour Cast or Carved?: Multinuclear Nmr Evidence. Materials Letters 65.2 (2011): 350–52. Print.Magli, Giulio. The Giza ‘Written’ Landscape and the Double Project of King Khufu. Time and Mind 9.1 (2016): 57-74. Print. Mendelssohn, K. A Building Disaster at the Meidum Pyramid. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 59 (1973): 60–71. Print.Moeller, Nadine. The Archaeology of Urbanism in Ancient Egypt from the Predynastic Period to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Camridge University Press, 2016. Print.Mà ¼ller-Rà ¶mer, Frank. A New Consideration of the Construction Methods of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 44 (2008): 113–40. Print.Reader, Colin. On Pyramid Causeways. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 90 (2004): 63–71. Print.Rossi, Corinna. Note on the Pyramidion Found at Dahshur. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 85 (1999): 219–22. Print.

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Personal Statement - Essay Example I have established my set goals which are far greater than the established work. Construction Management for me is the study and practice of general management skills and the technological aspects pertaining to the construction industry. Imbibed into this construction management is my determination for management of design and management of the construction project which are designed within set parameters. A construction company owned by my father has enabled me to learn and face everyday challenges. My prà ©cis of construction management is that the study of how projects are conceived, designed and built, the types of materials, the methods utilized, the techniques that estimate the cost of construction, construction accounting, safety requirements, project planning and project management. My studies in construction management would facilitate an increase in knowledge and combine proficiency to organize and manage activities and to develop my technical skills. Such skills I can utilize in schedule activities and resources in construction and to enhance the industrial learning environment. Further construction management will develop my skills in leadership and teambuilding. My pattern would be to utilize the twin environment wherein my approach to the acquisition of knowledge, skill and competence will result from a highly sophisticated level of adopted strategies. My combination involves academic study combined with industrial application which would lead to a shared vision being achieved and thus creating a cutting edge in construction management. My father’s construction company has empowered within me the progressive construction environment and the dynamics which are required to co-ordinate a range of technical skills. Further project work, presentations, role play, case studies and reports will be an added advantage for my skills and aptitude. I grew up looking at my role model-my father and

Business law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Business law - Assignment Example These financial crises led to privatization of banks in Iceland as well as the latter’s deregulation in the year 2000; following the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and the collapse of AIG. According to this film, corruption violated a number of rules of law. An example of a rule of law that was violated by corruption is misrepresentation. Misrepresentation refers to untrue statement of law or fact that induces a representee to sign a contract (Adamson 130). Representation occurs when the statement is made on the course of signing the contract, but if the statement turns out to be false, misrepresentation occurs. The three types of misrepresentation include negligent misrepresentation, fraudulent misrepresentation, and innocent misrepresentation. The case of the financial service industry entering the contract with Iceland is classed under fraudulent misrepresentation. Some criteria must be satisfied in order to amount to an actionable misrepresentation; first, there must be existence of a false statement of law or facts rather than an estimate of a future event or an opinion. If the representer is in a position to know the facts, a statement of opinion may amount to actionable misrepresentation. Consequently, unless the representer did not intend to carry out the stated intent, a statement of a future intent cannot amount to an actionable misrepresentation. False statement of law and silence will not amount to actionable misrepresentation. After the verification of a false statement, it is vital for the representee to explain how the untrue statement induced/relied on him/her to enter a contract. Lack of awareness of the false statement by the representee can result to no reliance or inducement. Another element of misrepresentation is disclosure duty with an example of the case summary of Turner versus Green (1895). This element discourages the act of duty to disclose facts, which would affect the decisions of the other party, making him/her not to enter a

Alcoholism :: essays research papers

Alcoholism, chronic and usually progressive illness,. Alcoholism is thought to arise from a combination of a wide range of physiological, psychological, social, and genetic factors. It is characterized by an emotional and often physical dependence on alcohol, and it frequently leads to brain damage or early death. More males than females are affected by alcoholism, but drinking among the young and among women is increasing. Consumption of alcohol is apparently on the rise in the United States, as is the total alcohol consumption and prevalence of alcohol-related problems in the former communist countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. This increase is paralleled in other countries, including developing nations. After 1980, however, consumption remained relatively stable in many western European nations. Development Alcoholism, as opposed to merely excessive or irresponsible drinking, has been thought of as a symptom of psychological or social stress or as a learned, maladaptive coping behaviour. More recently, and probably more accurately, it has come to be viewed as a complex disease in its own right. Alcoholism usually develops over a period of years. Alcohol comes to be used more as a mood-changing drug than as a foodstuff or beverage served as a part of social custom or religious ritual. Initially, the alcoholic may demonstrate a high tolerance to alcohol, consuming more and showing fewer adverse effects than others. Subsequently, however, the person begins to drink against his or her own best interests, as alcohol comes to assume more importance than personal relationships, work, reputation, or even physical health. The person commonly loses control over drinking and is increasingly unable to predict how much alcohol will be consumed on a given occasion or, if the person is currently abstaining, when the drinking will resume again. Physical addiction to the drug may occur, sometimes eventually leading to drinking around the clock to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Effects Alcohol has direct toxic as well as sedative effects on the body, and failure to take care of nutritional and other physical needs during prolonged periods of excessive drinking may further complicate matters. Advanced cases often require hospitalization. The effects on major organ systems are cumulative and include a wide range of digestive-system disorders such as ulcers, inflammation of the pancreas, and cirrhosis of the liver. The central and peripheral nervous systems can be permanently damaged. Blackouts, hallucinations, and extreme tremors may occur. The latter symptoms are involved in the most serious alcohol withdrawal syndrome, delirium tremens, which can prove fatal despite prompt treatment.

Greek conception of woman, citizen and family Essay

The Greek tragedy ‘Medea’ by Euripides examines the Greek conception of woman, the foreign, family and citizenship. He emphasize on the subjugation and the oppressive condition of women in general in Greece. Thus he reveals the existence of ancient cultures (other than Greece) that were more generous in their treatment of women. Medea is also in some respect, different from general Greek women. She is clever and resourceful and also has the courage in her endeavor to take revenge on Jason for his wrong deeds. Also, through the character of Medea, Euripides exposes the bankruptcy of popular Greek ideas of heroism. My granting a woman the qualities that were considered heroic, he questions the sacred ideas of heroism. The element of the foreign in the play comprises of the foreign, the exotic, the unknown and the feared. He also showed that the foreign is not external to Greek and there is much for the Greeks to know about themselves. Medea represents the foreign, the attractive and the priceless possession of Jason. The foreign also represented the adventure undertaken by the Greek heroes. The foreign also symbolized danger and which could lead to chaos. Medea, a foreigner and an outsider to the normal order is free to behave without restrain or morality. Thus she manages to commit the dreadful crime of murdering her own children. Through the elements of the foreign, uncivilized and barbaric, Euripides questions the concepts and definitions of civilizations, primitiveness, ethics and morality. Whereas Jason seeks power, Medea, the foreigner longs for love and caring. Greek valued family and the exile from his was horrible to the ancient Greek. A person’s city-state was his home and protector and to wonder without friend and shelter was thought as a fate as horrible as death. Medea exiles herself because of her love and passion for her husband. Her position in Corinth is double grave as she is both married to be exiled from family and also as she herself has broke connections with her family to be with Jason. Also, she is a foreigner who will remain a barbarian in the eyes of the Greeks. However, Madea forces Jason into exile by wiping off his entire family. Greek law forbade Greek men to marry any other than Greek women. Also the children of Greek man and foreign woman were not considered as official citizens of Greece. Similarly, the children of Jason and Medea were not official citizens of Corinth, but Creusa and Jason’s offspring would fully enjoy the benefits of Corinthian citizenship. So Jason is justified in his argument that to gain power and position and to protect and their position, he married into the royal family. Thus these elements of the foreign, plight of Greek woman, citizenship and family combine to propel the action of the tragic play ‘Medea’. In the Greek tragedy ‘Medea, Euripides elaborates on the status of woman in Greek society. The Greek women in general had few rights. According to the men, the purpose of women in Greek society was to engage themselves in household duties like cooking and cleaning and giving birth and taking care of children. They did not have the right to vote or own property. They could not go outside without an escort. They had to be represented by men in all legal proceedings. Greek women only under exceptional conditions could obtain a divorce, but any Athenian man could get rid of his wife by simply publicly renouncing his marriage. Marriages were arranged by the parents without any participation of the daughter; thus Medea’s flight with Jason was scandalous. If the family was wealthy, the daughter came with a substantial dowry. After marriage, the woman served her husband the entire life by caring for the children and slaves, the legal property of her husband. They were not given any education and lived in separate quarters, away from their husbands. The ideal woman â€Å"spoken little as possible among men, whether for good or for ill†. Greek women never experienced independence during their lives and in some respect they were just like slaves. Medea accurately describes the conditions of married life for women when she says how a woman has to adjust to the new rules and customs of the new home and work hard to understand her husband and consequently live in peace. However if the marriage does not work, then death is the only solution for the woman. When Jason decides to terminate his marriage with Medea and marry the princess of Corinth, Jason cast aside Medea as if they were never married. This type of action was accepted by Greek standards, which reveals the subordinate status of woman who did not have any say in these matters. Even though some actions of Medea are not similar to that of average Greek women, she posses certain attitudes and emotions which are common among women. Medea in her first speech to the Chorus (when she comes out of her house) expresses the plight of women in society: â€Å"For a divorce loses women all respect, yet we can’t refuse to take a husband†, (Euripides, lines 271-272). She further adds that when a man gets tired of the company at home, he can seek relief outside the home, but a woman have to always look at one man. It is likely that this attitude was shared by most Greek women as evident from the reaction of the Chorus Leader who sympathize with her: â€Å"I’m not surprised you grieve at these events†, (Euripides, Line 310). The nurse reveals the fact that Medea out of her love and deep passion for Jason has retrieved the Golden Fleece for him and defied her household. In return, she is deserted by Jason who betrayed her by breaking the vows of marriage and now â€Å"She calls out to the gods to witness/ how Jason is repaying her favours†, (Euripides, lines 30-31). However, her situation worsens further when Creon informs her that he is forcing her into exile. The Chorus identifies with the pitiable condition of Medea. It recognizes the heroic traits of Medea and admires her as an avenger for all women. Chorus soothes Medea’ sorrow by saying that God will be with her in her endeavor. Thus the chorus believes her cause is good and worthy of God’s support. Medea as a victim of ill fate is supported by the Chorus. Even though the Chorus makes this statement before finding out Medea’ brutal scheme, it should be noted that the Chorus reaffirms its support for Medea after she reveals her plan. After the monologue of Medea, where she reveal her plan and think of ways to implement it, the chorus delivers an ode on the oppression of women: â€Å"The waters in the sacred rivers/are flowing in reverse. /And all well-ordered things/are once more turning on themselves. / Men’s plans are now deceitful,/their firm trust in the gods is gone†¦. /Honour’s coming to the female sex. /slander will no longer injure women, (Euripides, Lines 487-496). Through this ode, the chorus condemns the oppression of women and encourages Medea to carry out her plan. It views her plan as a rare opportunity for women to avenge all the wrongs done by men on them and to turn the hierarchy around, putting the men at the mercy of women. In the play it is evident that the Chorus support Medea in her endeavor to avength the betrayal of Jason till the section where she thinks of ways and machinery to make her plot successful. But the Chorus withdraws their support the point where Medea reveals her plan to murder her own sons. After the verbal fight between Jason and Medea, the Chorus asks for moderation: â€Å"I pray that moderation,/the gods’ most beautiful gift,/will always guide me†, (Euripides, Lines 756-758). After they come to know Medea’s plan to kill her children, they try their best make her understand her folly in her taking such an action and they urge her not to commit such a crime : â€Å"I want to help you,/holding to the standards of human law†, (Euripides, Lines 963-964). Euripides by examining the treatment of women in the play ‘Medea’, points at the injustices of his society. He recognized the fact that the subordinate position of women to their male counterpart is impossible to extricate from the core of social order in Greece. The typical explanation offered by the admirers of Greece is that all ancient societies were sexist and dependent on slave labor. This generality is untrue as there were many societies who were more generous in their treatment of women than the Greeks and many societies functioned in the ancient times, without slave labor. Euripides who was aware of these hypocrisies, often pointed out how Greek society attempt to excuse the injustices perpetrated by them. Jason tells Medea that no Greek women would have done as she has done. In this respect, the Chorus should be considered who stood by mutely and allowed the slaughter to take place. However, Medea shows some heroic qualities that were not common among Greek women. Medea is clever, resourceful and has the courage to stand against Jason and take revenge for his betrayal. She does not stay long inside her home as a subjugating housewife lamenting and shedding tears for wrongs incurred on her. She comes out her hearth and faces the Chorus and Creon. She acts like a man and plots and execute her plan. Euripides goes farther, through the character of Medea, he exposes the bankruptcy of popular Greek ideas of heroism. Medea has many traits that would be admirable, if only she were a man. She is ruthless, brilliant, cunning, and powerful. But she is in a weak position: she is not a ruler or a warrior of any battlefield. Euripides gives the qualities that are considered heroic, in a woman and thus reduces the scale. He makes the playing field one of marriage and spurned love. The fine Homeric speeches of warriors on the verge of combat are reduced to the bickering of an enraged wife and a petty husband. Euripides in this play, questions our sacred ideas about heroism. Consider, for example, the character of Agamemnon as portrayed by Aeschylus in the Oresteia. Agamemnon also kills his own child; and although he is not admired for this act, after his death Aeschylus grants him his due of a great man and hero. The reaction of the audience to Medea’s infanticide is that of horror. Euripides gives unlimited self-absorption and ruthlessness to a woman and thus exposes the true worth of these traits. The audience becomes aware of the double standards that we use for heroes and heroines. In Greek mythology Medea was princess of colchis and the granddaughter of Helios the sun God. She had affinities with magic and was the priestess of Hecate. Medea helped Jason to steal the Golden Fleece from her father and even dismember her brother to delay the pursuers of her lover. Also, she turned the daughter of Pelias into murderers to win back his rightful place in Iolcus, In return, Jason betrayed her trust and re-married into the royal family. The fact that Medea is a foreigner is emphasized from the beginning. The Nurse, in the opening lines, tells the audience that Medea hails from a distant and exotic land. Certain points should be remembered while reflecting on this aspect of the play. The foreigner or the Others is a complex and multifaceted concept: it comprises of the foreign, the exotic, the unknown and the feared. The foreign is also essential for self-definition of the Greeks. The Greeks ascribe certain traits to barbarians in opposition to certain traits about themselves. Barbarians are savage but Greeks are not. Barbarians are superstitious while Greeks are rational. But Euripides through the play undermines these easy binaries. He shows that (the foreigner) is not something external to Greek. Also, there is much for the Greeks to understand about themselves Moreover, the (the foreign, the exotic, the terrifying) is an essential for adventure. Jason’s quest, and also the quests of other Greek heroes, would not be possible without their visit to strange and fearsome lands. Medea’s foreignness may be the reason behind Jason’s attraction for her. Although we cannot be sure if Jason was really attracted to her or used her for his own ends or both. May be Jason was drawn to her by her uniqueness. The play stresses on the fact that Medea is different from Greek women. Jason’s marriage to Medea can be seen as an attempt on his part to bring the adventure home. Medea describes herself as â€Å"something he won in a foreign land†. The marriage can also be seen as Jason’s attempt to subordinate the foreign to the Greek, woman to man. In Medea, the foreign lead to chaos. Medea as a foreigner is also terribly free. As she is an outsider to normal order, she behaves without restraint or morality. Her genius is thus used for personal revenge. She sends gifts of a finely woven robe and a tiara of twisted gold smeared with deadly poison and succeeds in killing both Creon and his daughter. Next she murders her two sons to teach Jason a lesson that the oppressed can also take actions against the oppressors. Medea as a foreigner comes from a tribal nativity, where sophistication is not the normal thing. She does not know how to â€Å"well behave† and speak â€Å"with a soft tongue†. Her culture and race is primitive and for this she is often blames by Jason. However, while Jason seeks power, Medea longs for love and caring. She leaves behind her culture, native land, parent, and the family as a sacrifice to marry Jason. So the ‘uncivilized ’Medea cannot accept nor understand Jason’s argument in favor of his second marriage and Jason posses all the skills required to argue in his favor. This raises several questions regarding the concepts and definitions of civilizations, primitiveness, ethics and morality Another factor is the Greek conception of family and the separation or exile from them. Modern audiences can find it difficult to understand how important family and how horrible exile was for the ancient Greek. A person’s native land was his home and protector and to wander without friends or shelter, was thought of as a fate horrible as death. The chorus chants: â€Å"there’s no affliction worse/ than losing one’s own country†, (Euripides, Lines 774-775). Medea made herself as exile for the sake of her husband. Medea tells about her plight to the Chorus: â€Å"you have a city, /you have your father’s house, enjoy your life/with friends for company. But I’m alone. /I have no city, and I’m being abused/by my own husband. — I have no mother, brother, or relation,/to shelter with in this extremity†, (Euripides, Lines 291-299). Additionally by her overzealous advocacy of her husband’s interest, she made their family exiles in Corinth. Due to her actions in Iolcus, Jason is unable to return home and so their position is vulnerable. Jason who is the hero of the Golden Fleece (of course with the help of Medea) became a wanderer. He is very shrewd and calculative in his decision to marry into the royal family. The Tutor points out in the beginning of the play that men always act for their own interest: â€Å"What mortal man is not? Don’t you know yet/all men love themselves more than their neighbours†, (Euripides, Lines 107-108). Thus the character of Jason is revealed as an opportunist, a selfish man and the anti-hero who manipulates others for his own ends. Euripides in his play ‘Medea’, links the elements of exile and the lower position of women by emphasizing on the circumstances that women faced after marriage. She has to leave her home and family and live among strangers. In this respect, Medea reminds us of the conditions of exile. However, her position is doubly grave, as she is an exile in this sense as well as in the sense that she herself has broke all connections with her family. Also, she is a foreigner and will remain a barbarian in the eyes of the Greeks. Greeks valued their family and the close blood relationship they share with the family members. Also they had certain expectation from their family. Similarly I the play, Jason want his sons to grow up and become leaders in Corinth along their new brother, the sons he wishes to beget from his new bride. He also wants his sons to mature into young men and win victory over his enemies. On the other hand, Medea has few expectations as well. In return for her pains of child birth and the hardship she faced in raising them, she hoped that they will look after her in old age and prepare the corpse with their own hands as all parents’ wishes. However, she sacrifices her expectations and also separates Jason from his family by killing her two sons and Jason’ new bride. She takes her revenge on Jason by poisoning the royal bride and thus depriving Jason of his wife and the children he wished to beget from her, his family. Also she kills her sons and prevents the fulfilling last hope of Jason, his wish to unite with his family, his sons. She also deprives him of the burial rights of his sons. Instead she performs the rights. In this way, Jason is exiles from his family as Medea was exile from her native land and family. Medea lost her family after she married Jason, in similar way, Jason losses his family at the end of the play. Another element emphasized in the play is the Greek conception of citizenship. Greek law forbade Greek men to marry no other than Greek women. However, it was common practice among Greek men to keep foreign concubines who were often more educated than the Greek women in general. But the children born from these unions were not considered as official citizens of Greece. Similarly, the children of Jason and Medea were not official citizens of Corinth, whereas Creusa and Jason’s offspring would fully enjoy the benefits of Corinthian citizenship. Jason may be a shrewd and manipulative man and it is also true that he betrays Medea by breakings the vows of marriage and re-marrying into the royal family. However, the fact remains that Jason was a wonderer and he wanted to gain power and position by creating a relationship with the royal family. Moreover, he was aware of the fact that his children were deprived of the benefits of Corinthian citizenship. As he mentions to Medea, it may be true that he married Creon’s daughter not because he felt attracted towards her as a woman but rather to protect Medea and their children. Also that he wanted to serve their own interest by having children (royal princes) from his royal bride and thus securing their position in Corinth and giving their children similar power. The Greek conception of woman, the foreign, citizenship and family as examined in the play help in the progress of the tragic action. Medea represents the suppressed and oppressive condition of Greek woman who is cheated by her husband. The foreign element in her character, the exotic, the dangerous and the barbarian instigate her take revenge against Jason. Jason’s argument in favor of his action is the power and position he wants to achieve for himself and for Medea and their children. He is aware that his and Medea’s children will be deprived of the benefits of Corinthian citizenship. Her separation or exile from family because of Jason infuriates her further and she in turn separates Jason from his family. Work Citation: â€Å"Analysis of Medea as a Tragic Character†. 8 December 2002. Michael Kliegl. 9 July 2008 â€Å"The Concept of Citizenship†. 9 July 2008 â€Å"Euripides by Medea†. 9 July 2008 â€Å"Medea (Criticism). Carole L. Hamilton. 9 July 2008 â€Å"Major Themes†. 9 July 2008 â€Å"Medea (Indian adaptation of the greek classic†. 9 July 2008 â€Å"Summary and Analysis of Lines 1- 356†. 9 July 2008